“According to Jonathan, democracy requires slower decision-making. We have the right to hesitate, compare alternatives, reflect; and then decide. This makes everything slower.
Look, Jonathan told me – both of us still sitting in Washington’s lovely West Potomac Park – decision-making is incredibly fast in dictatorships. Without deviations or alternatives, everything is a sprint, said Jonathan.
It is necessary to put crossroads before people, says Jonathan. That is democracy.”
Gonçalo M. Tavares
Whenever I attend conferences or forums that gather many arts professionals, I ride the usual roller-coaster: one moment I’m thinking it’s-always-the-same-conversations-among-the-same- people and the next I’m having a breakthrough on a set of ideas or stumbling into an exciting project or person. Reshape Forum[1] in Lublin was no exception. There were moments I feared to be dragged into the perpetual spiral of complaints that hovers over these meetings rendering them completely useless. There were moments when I’d rather just eat my lunch instead of networking but still managed to chew and say something vaguely intelligent at the same time. On balance, flying the 3500 Km was well worth it this time. We heard some off-topic talks on futurism and even had the chance of interweaving the history of hope with that of religion thereby challenging many unquestioned assumptions that make us continuously look for …betterment? Not all of them were inspirational to me, but I did admire the gesture of inviting us to engage with other lines of reasoning, and to drift away slightly from the topics of our reunion, before our minds got to working in their usual professional/sectoral focused mode. It seemed pretty consistent that a project that aims to fundamentally ‘reshape’ so many features of the arts and culture sector was starting off by refusing the sovereignty of pragmatic approaches and by ditching linear thinking. I quote the excellent book by Hesters (2019) that Joris Janssens kindly offered me: “We cannot solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them. (…) Strategizing is about more than finding the right technical solution. System change requires changing the way we look at the world and behave within it (…).”
On
the second day, by the time I got to the Long Table I was supposed to make a
contribution to – the one of ‘Fair Governance Models’, my head was spinning
fast. I took it as a personal task to honour the experimental aspect of
Reshape, and was keen on repeating the mantra: the bolder we are, the farther
we get. I tried to channel the energy of my personal frustrations towards
concrete proposals that this project could take up. Having been invited to do
some of the initial talking, I was the first one walking down the avenue from
frustration to transformation.
—
Working
either as an external consultant or as in-house arts manager, I have always
been involved with strategic thinking and planning, and helped devise and
develop many organisations’ mission and work models. I have always been
attracted to the ‘reverse’ of institutions, to examining the insides and
questioning their core values and strategy. I have actually made an apparently
successful career out of my alleged ability to help art organisations figure
themselves out. But truth be told I was always slightly frustrated with the
restricted scope of the change effectively implemented. After so many
discussions, and envisaging so many different possibilities, the question for
me was: how is this enough? Why does it seem to be enough for arts and
culture organisations to come across as innovative without hardly ever actually
innovating? Because let’s face it: innovating implies taking risks, and taking
risks has become something that we avoid more and more, out of the politically
correctness atmosphere or out of self-preservation instincts in a time of
backpedalling of public funding for culture.
We
are afraid of taking risks, as much as we are trapped in narratives of our
own success. Our festivals are always incredible, the report always
tells that the project went just great,
we hire DJ’s to throw a party after a book launch every two weeks because we
are cool and informal and open-minded – but are we really? These
narratives of success are convenient for political support – which is arguably
understandable if your funding ecology is unreliable (and almost everyone can
claim to be in that position). As a director or a manager, you make decisions
that ensure the financial sustainability of the organization, that is, you make
sure you stay reliable for future
public or private investment. But while this is justifiable, it is not
necessarily the best we can do for the arts in the long term. Namely because it
means our attention is always focused on those who fund us, not those whom
we serve. Think of the all the meetings you hold, think about how your
working time is used in terms of your different constituencies and you’ll reach
the same conclusion I did. And I think that is happening in public institutions
and among independent performing arts. It is the status quo.
Also,
I was often confronted with huge contradictions between a politically-charged,
‘progressive’ public artistic discourse and internal work practices that
offered no resistance to capitalist abuse. I became acutely aware of and
challenged by the persistence of conservative aspects of cultural work: highly
hierarchical, departmentalized, closed, fearful of innovation,
self-exploitative. These traits are oftentimes not easily detectable:
(1)
first off, because of the ‘passion mantra’, that we perpetuate ourselves as
committed practitioners, by repeatedly putting in extra hours, by failing to
preserve healthy boundaries between private life and work life and many times
failing our family and friends, and ourselves, because of the deadline, the
premiere, because of that special project. This is intrinsically connected with
fair governance, I think, because as long as we keep doing it – and by we I mean senior practitioners with
power, cultural managers, directors – we are condoning a system largely based
on self-exploitation. So my first question would be: what can we do to take
this seriously? What can we do in each of our organisations that can begin to
change the work pattern of the arts?
But
the passion mantra is not the only problem we need to address.
It
is a difficult case to make [that art organisations work too often in a
hierarchical, departmentalized, closed way and are generally fearful of
innovation] also
(2) because artists and cultural workers are intellectually
aware of what’s acceptable or not to say in public, so, for instance, everyone
in the arts will describe their work environment and ethos as highly collaborative.
But many people who work in those same organisations will tell you – off-record
– that it is not quite so. One of the things that currently interest me is to
investigate to what extent – if any – has the explosion of collaborative
practices in the field of artistic creation influenced the way art institutions
work and the organizational models they adopt. If it can be said that the
expansion of participatory practices in the arts can be partially explained as
an exercise to resist neoliberal attempts to reduce art to consumption, as well
as a yearning for social transformation based on an ethical stand, it is,
therefore, legitimate to ask to what extent – if any – were the overall work
practices actually affected by that trend. So you have to look closer: that an
organisation runs a comprehensive outreach programme does not necessarily mean
that its global governance is majorly influenced by a participatory ethos.
Criticizing
departmentalization is also tricky: eventually you will hear about
specialisation and professionalism. You’d want a press officer to deal with the
press of course, we’re not amateurs. And we hold team meetings every Wednesday!
So arguing – as I do – that we need to keep the professional, specialized
workforce running evidently – but at the same time we need to figure out how to
work together in a way that does not resemble corporate structures is very
difficult. I dare you to make this exercise – it works in Portugal at least:
close your eye and visualize the theatres and art venues that you know. Compare
the offices of the directors with those of the production team, and the
education and outreach team, etc. Compare their size, the decoration, the
number of windows, the level they’re situated in the building. Can you see what I am talking about?
But let
us focus on how do we transform our frustrations into possibilities? There are
many more critical points from which to begin with, but these are two concrete
changes I would like to propose for in depth discussion: (1) changes in the
management models used in running performing arts organisations and (2) a
reconsideration of the role of arts managers. Needless to say these two
dimensions of change go hand in hand.
(1) Making changes in the management
models means changing our role models, given that we tend to adopt the
management practices and the organizational models that are prevalent or
presented as successful. In my view, that involves refusing the rule of best
practices as role models. To allow for risk-taking, we need to allow for
difference. Speaking from a small country that very often follows European
trends, we need to encourage directors and teams to come up with the management
model that they deem best fits their artistic, social and political
circumstances. And we need to encourage policy-makers to do the same, instead
of lazily adapting French and British cultural policy latest hit. We have to
encourage local innovators and help leaders get rid of the fear that they are
not ‘international’ enough. What makes a theatre house in Portugal
‘international’ is its ability to engage locally with the world, not how well
travelled its director is or how many foreign shows it has in the programme.
I
would like to see changes in the management models that have direct
implications on the governance and leadership system, i.e., that admit the
possibility of collective forms of managing cultural resources, recognizing
right from the start the role of communities in the co-establishment of
management rules. How this can be done at organizational level or at city level
is one of the aspects I would like to discuss further.
A
way to start thinking about these changes is opening up the organisations we
run. Can we think of ways of organizing a team with different skills in a less
hierarchical way? Why should the organizational chart of a cultural venue be so
disturbingly similar to that of a profit-oriented enterprise? Can we think of
ways of allowing citizens an opportunity to influence the strategic thinking
and future plans of their local theatre? Can we think that those opportunities
are as valuable as the opportunities to take part in a participatory show
involving members of the community? Can we go from project-based approach to
participation to a systemic-approach?
This
would be a noticeable advance in the access to culture paradigm, namely, as put
forward by Barbieri:
– changing from a productive system
traditionally split into creation, production, distribution, consumption,
towards a hybrid system with a more flexible distribution of papers;
– changing from a sectorial system towards
an interdisciplinary system;
– complementing the offer-focussed system
(artists, cultural agents, venues) with a needs-oriented system (users,
communities);
– progressing from a binary system
(government-market; artists-audiences) towards a polycentric system;
– from an administrative system (vertical
control, sub-sectoral departmentalization) towards a political system (in a
broad sense of the word).
If
we would go down this route, we would be looking at forms of government and
management that – without giving away their share of the responsibility – would
offer their support to hybrid management models that escape the excesses of
traditional intermediation. This might seem too risky to try at governmental
level, but I argue we could at least begin to apply it to public theatres,
dance houses, cultural centres.
Apparently,
the good news is that these changes are already taking place. “In practice, in
the field today, there are various artists, art workers and organisations
involved in developing new working models that strengthen artists, redesigning
organizational processes in order to create and shape fairer working
relationships. They are forging new connections between activities, resources,
people and organizations.” (Hesters, 2019:14).
Needless
to say, in a country as Portugal for instance, with a fairly recent democracy
and a social welfare system that never quite reached the stability of other
countries, the possibility of relieving the state of its responsibilities is
pretty scary. But if we are willing to embrace these changes we need to keep in
mind that it is not about diminishing
the role of the State in culture, but, quite the opposite: it is about amplifying it, by means of effectively
materializing the cross sectoral nature of culture. We need of course further
research on the implications of all of this in public policy-making, but the
prospect of a work ecology in the arts that goes beyond the managerial model is
stimulating enough for us at least to consider these possibilities.
(2) We should rethink the role of an arts manager: cultural
management today is tending dangerously towards the utilitarian realm, focusing
almost exclusively on operational management.
Very
often, changing things around means changing yourself first. It is excellent that
the profession of cultural manager has developed amazingly into a state of
almost maturity and legitimacy, but it can be argued that cultural management “(…)
has developed into a field where reaction rather than pro-action is the norm
with little reflection upon how its practices fit within a larger context.”
(Deveraux, 2009:156) It is therefore important that we are able to make a
distinction between the focus on the how-to-do (how to write a grant, how to
manage an European project, how to implement a successful audience development
campaign, etc.) and a type of cultural management that is at the same time focused
on a wider range of conceptual issues. We are in urgent need of a “ (…) critical
examination of cultural management practices in order to understand the
epistemological, ethical and conditioned assumptions that underpin them, (…)
the accepted ways of doing – and what makes them so acceptable – and the deeper
structures that such ways of doing reveal.” (Deveraux, 2009: 157)
There
is both a growing uneasiness on the part of some cultural managers that are
reflective practitioners (where I include myself), and a note of acrimony
creeping into the perspectives of artists upon these professionals that we must
pay attention to. Hester (2019:42) sums
it up quite efficiently: “There is something fundamentally wrong when
professional sectors, in which work is conducted in diverse kinds of vocations
and in diverse kinds of institutions, function in such a way that precisely
their most central players cannot succeed in living from their professional
practice. When at the end of each month, successful and recognized artists
still find themselves below the poverty level, it is an important signal that
the entire internal system of working, collaborating, remuneration and social
protection is due for a revision.”
Could
it be that we are reluctant to interrogate our professional practices and their
underlying assumptions and codes because we are anxious to see our recent
profession legitimatised and valued? Could it be that we fear that an attitude
of systematic questioning of our codes of practice and working models threatens
the development of our careers?
To
this background I posit that cultural management needs to assert itself not
only as a set of technical action-oriented skills, but also as an intellectual
practice and, assuredly, as a field of inquiry. The urge to professionally
establish an emerging field may have justified an excessive results-driven
perspective – akin to prove its worth in the artistic sphere but the time has
come to correct that imbalance. There is a case to be made that arts managers
need to engage with critical thinking, anthropology or political science at
least as much as they engage with marketing or audience development.
Both
Henze (2019) and Deveraux (2009) postulate that this penchant for business and administrative expertise may
have been encouraged by the arts management study courses, which seems an
allegation worth proving via further research.
Artistic
production processes are in fact not neutral – so they can hardly be reduced to
technicalities – and they need to be inscribed in ethics and solidarity. It is
not possible to say that management does not make social or political choices. “Cultural
management today is also a moral issue.”, as Argentinian Guillermo Heras
rightfully points out.
To
sum things up, I would say we, cultural managers, face two immediate
challenges: one is to transcend cultural management’s ontological phase
(obsessed with defining what cultural management is) and another one is stop mimicking the administrative model, and
getting rid of its managerial orientation, preventing us from being perceived as
art’s modern little technocrats.
Conclusion, that is, a new beginning for cultural management
In my view, devising a new role as cultural managers means, among other
challenges, the ability to replace the competition paradigm with a
collaboration paradigm, by sharing processes and knowledge and stimulating
horizontal learning; the ability to manage time, of course, but resisting
acceleration and fragmentation; to manage money, of course, but in a way that
resists the competitive spiralling which makes artistic processes come too
close of other productive processes working in a capitalist matrix; the ability
to be vigilant of generating hegemonic success narratives around the projects
you champion; to question the established working models and fight for democratic
management practices and fair work conditions for all stakeholders involved in
the artistic processes; to devise a professional yet intense relationship with
artists, avoiding the technocratic pitfalls and easy stereotypes; to deepen the
level and the quality of citizen participation in cultural activities and in
the governance of public art institutions; to actively engage in international
dialogue towards more solidary and cosmopolitan societies; and to inscribe
their action in ethics and solidarity and make sure the governance models of
your organisation are in line with the moral values you uphold.
We keep saying the world is changing at a dizzying
pace but we tend to hold on firmly to our ways of relating to it. It’s time to
admit that linear mind-sets – and the hierarchical systems and structures they
give rise to – are not fit-for-purpose in a non-linear world. With these brief
thoughts I hope I have challenged you to reconsider notions of risk, success,
collaboration or hierarchy, and come up with ideas that make a conceptual and
practical turn on cultural management that reconciles our present actions with
our imagined futures.
[1] RESHAPE is a research and development project that brings together arts organisations from the Europe and the South Mediterranean to jointly create innovative organisational models and reflect on concrete answers to crucial challenges related to the production, distribution and presentation of contemporary art practices. More information can be found online at https://reshape.network/.